Thursday 20 June 2024

New Video Posted: Understanding the Nuclear Envelope: Protecting and Regulating the Nucleus

This video - Understanding the Nuclear Envelope: Protecting and Regulating the Nucleus - is the second of four videos on the nucleus.

The other three are:

The video explains that the nuclear envelope, consisting of inner and outer membranes, protects DNA from mechanical stress and regulates the nucleus's internal environment, essential for proper mRNA processing. I highlight the role of the nuclear lamina in safeguarding DNA. I describe the challenges posed by the nuclear envelope, such as the need to disassemble during cell division and manage material exchange via nuclear pores. Overall, the nuclear envelope is crucial for maintaining nuclear integrity and function despite its associated complexities.

If you would like to say thanks for the video, then please feel free to buy me a coffee at https://www.buymeacoffee.com/drnickm

Blog Bonus: Free information sheet summarising the video and defining the key terms - download.
 

Additional Reading

The video was produced with help from the following resources:

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Wednesday 19 June 2024

New Video Posted: Understanding the Nucleus: Structure and Function | Cell Biology Explained

This video - Understanding the Nucleus: Structure and Function | Cell Biology Explained - is the first of four videos on the nucleus. The other three are:

The video explains the cell nucleus, highlighting its roughly spherical shape and double membrane structure, which includes an inner and outer membrane with a perinuclear space. It describes the nucleus's contents, such as chromatin for gene transcription and mRNA splicing, and features like nuclear pores for transport and the nuclear lamina for structural support and various cellular functions. Additionally, I note that the outer nuclear membrane and perinuclear space are continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

If you would like to say thanks for the video, then please feel free to buy me a coffee at https://www.buymeacoffee.com/drnickm

Blog Bonus: Free information sheet summarising the video and defining the key terms - download.
 

Additional Reading

The video was produced with help from the following resources:

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Tuesday 18 June 2024

New Video Posted: Understanding Endosomes: The Cell's Sorting House | Quick Science Explanation

In my video on endosomes - Understanding Endosomes: The Cell's Sorting House | Quick Science Explanation - I look at the role of the endosomal system in cells.

Endosomes are cellular compartments that sort and traffic proteins from the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. They are formed by vesicle fusion and are divided into three types

  • Early endosomes - receive proteins and decide their next destination
  • Recycling endosomes - return proteins to the plasma membrane either immediately (constitutive pathway) or based on signals (regulated pathway).
  • Late endosomes - forward proteins to lysosomes or back to the Golgi.
The endosomal system relies on specific signals on proteins to direct their correct routing, ensuring efficient cellular function.

If you would like to say thanks for the video, then please feel free to buy me a coffee at https://www.buymeacoffee.com/drnickm

Blog Bonus: Free information sheet summarising the video and defining the key terms - download.
 

Additional Reading

The video was produced with help from the following resources:

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New Video Posted: How to Calculate Protein Size on an SDS-PAGE Gel: A Step-by-Step Guide

I have just posted a video on how to determine the size of a protein on an SDS PAGE gel - How to Determine Protein Size on an SDS-PAGE Gel | Step-by-Step Tutorial.

Blog Bonus: Free step-by-step guide explaining the calculation - download.

The video is a response to two questions I was asked:

  1. How do I calculate the size of a protein on an SDS-PAGE gel?
  2. Can the DNA method be used for proteins?
In the video and the free step-by-step guide explaining the calculation, I go over the necessary steps for working out the size of a protein band on a gel, explain the Retention Factor (Rf value) and how to use it, and outline the method's limitations.

Feel free to leave any questions or comments below. If you need further clarification on any step or have suggestions for future topics, let me know!

If you would like to say thanks for the video, then please feel free to buy me a coffee at https://www.buymeacoffee.com/drnickm

Blog Bonus: Free step-by-step guide explaining the calculation - download.
 

Additional Reading

The video was produced with help from the following resources:


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Monday 17 June 2024

New Video Posted: The Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing

In the video - The Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing - I look at the role of the Golgi in processing proteins.

The Golgi apparatus (possibly my favourite organelle) was discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898 and confirmed in the 1950s.

Structurally, the Golgi resembles a stack of plates, and it has three distinct regions: the cis face (closest to the ER), the medial Golgi, and the trans face (furthest from the ER). The primary function of the Golgi is to process and sort proteins received from the ER, directing them to lysosomes, endosomes, or the plasma membrane.

There are two main theories for how the Golgi operates:

  • Vesicle Transport Model - proteins move to the machinery.
  • Cisternal Maturation Model - machinery moves to the proteins.
Evidence, such as vesicular tubular clusters and vesicles' size constraints, supports the Cisternal Maturation Model. In this model, the Golgi's cisternae mature over time, recycling enzymes via COPI vesicles.

Upon leaving the Golgi, proteins can enter one of two pathways:

  • Constitutive secretory pathway - direct to the cell surface)
  • Regulated secretory pathway - via secretory vesicles and requires a signal for the vesicles to traffic further.

If you would like to say thanks for the video, then please feel free to buy me a coffee at https://www.buymeacoffee.com/drnickm

Blog Bonus: Free information sheet summarising the video and defining the key terms - download.
 

Additional Reading

The video was produced with help from the following resources:

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Friday 14 June 2024

New Video Posted: Understanding the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough vs Smooth ER and Protein Import

In the video Understanding the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough vs Smooth ER and Protein Import, I look at the smooth and rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), and discuss how proteins are targeted to and imported into the ER.

The ER is a vital cellular structure with two types: rough ER (RER) and smooth ER (SER). The RER is covered in ribosomes and is essential for protein production. Proteins are synthesised and threaded into the ER lumen via a process involving signal recognition particles (SRP) and the Sec61 complex. 

Membrane-spanning proteins are produced at the RER by using various signal sequences that direct their insertion into or through the membrane. The ER also plays a role in N-linked glycosylation, adding N-linked oligosaccharides to proteins and in quality control, ensuring proteins are correctly folded and functional. 

In contrast, the SER lacks ribosomes, synthesises lipids, and forms vesicles for transporting proteins and lipids to the Golgi apparatus.

If you would like to say thanks for the video, then please feel free to buy me a coffee at https://www.buymeacoffee.com/drnickm

Blog Bonus: Free information sheet summarising the video and defining the key terms - download.
 

Additional Reading

The video was produced with help from the following resources:

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Thursday 13 June 2024

New Video Posted: Exploring the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Functions, Vesicle Trafficking, and Quality Control

In the video Exploring the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Functions, Vesicle Trafficking, and Quality Control, I look at the important role played in the cell by the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in a number of key processes in the cell connected with protein production, including:

  • Disulphide Bond Formation: Occurs as proteins are imported into the ER, crucial for protein stability and function.
  • Protein Glycosylation: Starts in the ER and finishes in the Golgi, important for protein folding and interactions.
  • Quality Control: Marks incorrectly folded proteins for destruction, though it may sometimes incorrectly target properly folded proteins.

The newly made proteins are trafficked from the ER to the Golgi in COPII Vesicles. 

If you would like to say thanks for the video, then please feel free to buy me a coffee at https://www.buymeacoffee.com/drnickm

Blog Bonus: Free information sheet summarising the video and defining the key terms - download.
 

Additional Reading

The video was produced with help from the following resources:

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